| General Information |
| Distribution | Native to Europe, now widely naturalized in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
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Habit
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Erect, usually stout perennial herbs; stems usually solitary, 6-15 dm long, striate, glabrous to sparsely papillose-pilose.
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Leaves
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Leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, (12-)16-60 cm long, 0.8-6 cm wide, basal ones wider, glabrous to papillose, margins strongly undulate, crisped, apex acuminate or obtuse, base cuneate to rounded, petioles 2-30 cm long.
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Flowers
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Flowers usually perfect, usually more than 15 in open verticils, these ± widely spaced in leafy, racemose or 1-2-branched, narrow, paniculate inflorescences, pedicels slender, recurved; outer tepals 1.2-1.5 mm long, the valves 1.8-2.2 mm long, enlarging to 3-5.5 mm long in fruit, margins subentire to denticulate or crenulate, the faces of 1 or all of the valves with a conspicuous pale brown tubercle, the tubercles variable, 1-2 mm long, the largest one extending at least 1/2 as long as the valve.
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Fruit
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Nuts dark brown, ca. 2.2 mm long, the surface glossy.
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Chromosomes
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2n = 60
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